Science of Law
type: channel
description: Science of Law ( ISSN: 2995-8717) is an interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed academic journal committed to advancing knowledge at the intersection of law and the social sciences. The journal aims to foster scholarly dialogue and innovative research that explore how legal systems interact with, influence, and are influenced by the broader social, political, economic, cultural, and psychological landscapes in which they operate.
publisher: Editorial Team of SoL
language: en
publication name: Science of Law
issn: 2995-8717
items: The Role of Economic Institutions in Developing Tomorrow's Green Markets and Achieving Environmental Sustainability
items: External Debt, Corruption and Capital Flight in Emerging Economies: A Dynamic GMM Analysis
items: Government Policy on Industrial Development in Maluku Province in the Context of the Island Cluster
items: Lucius Apuleius A Journey in Search of Identity
items: E-Administration as a Strategic Approach to Performance Enhancement and the Modernization of Public Services in the Era of Digital Transformation
items: Analysis of the Influence of Productivity and Efficiency of the Plantation Sector on the Island of Sumatra with DEA and MPI Approaches
items: Drivers and Future Prospects of Political Reform in the Arab Gulf: A Study in the Phase of Regional and International Transformations
items: The Ideology of Western Science
items: The National Criminal Pole for Combating Crimes Related to Information and Communication Technologies as a Legal Mechanism to Counter Cybercrime in Accordance with Order No. 21-11
items: Pedagogical Mediation and Image Education in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: The Role of Audiovisual Media and Augmented Reality in Contemporary Learning Environments
items: Assessing the Economic, Social and Environmental Effects of Trade Openness: An OECD Analysis
items: Audiovisual and Cinematic Practices Enhanced by Augmented Reality: Multimodal Mediation, Educational Uses, and Identity Construction
items: Artificial Intelligence as a Pedagogical Tool in Lesson Planning: Implications for Self-Confidence and Professional Development of Physical Education Student Teachers
items: Regulating Digital Social Protection in Post-Soviet States: Comparative Institutional Perspectives from Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan
items: Hydrothermal Synthesis, Characterization, and Enhanced Antibacterial Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles against Waterborne Pathogens
items: Nutritional Socialization and its Relationship to Health in Algerian Society - A Socio-Anthropological Study
items: Conversational Commerce as a Strategic Lever: Empowering Startups in the Digital Economy
items: Institutional Interaction and FDI Dynamics in the Growth of MENA Economies: Application to Dynamic Panel Data
items: Teachers’ Pedagogical Competence and Students’ Learning Interest: A Socio-Legal Study of Religious Education in Indonesian Public Schools
items: An Analysis of Outreach and Sustainability Profitability of Credit Union in East Nusa Tenggara
items: The Role of Sustainable Marketing in the Continued Activity of Economic Institutions
items: Aspects of the Contributions of Leading Figures from Colonised Algeria to Supporting the Maghrebi Unitary Struggle (1920–1962)
items: Exploring the Psychological Impact of Augmented Reality on Motivation and Performance in Sports Training
items: Didactic Applications of Art and Augmented Reality in the Teaching of Medical History: Educational and Legal Challenges
items: Exploring the Nonlinear Relationship between Renewable Energy Consumption and Green Economic Growth Across Income Groups: Evidence from PSTAR Model
items: Legal Regulations Promoting Innovation in the Public Sector
items: Real Estate Legislation in French Colonial Policy and its Economic and Social Effects in Algeria and Tunisia between 1919- 1939
items: The Status of Foreign Law before the Algerian National Judiciary
items: Implementing Laws on Organs and Tissue Donation in Vietnam
items: The Role of the Algerian Family in Addressing the Phenomenon of Child Labor

The Role of Economic Institutions in Developing Tomorrow's Green Markets and Achieving Environmental Sustainability
type: item
description: Green markets are becoming more attractive with technological developments and consumers' awareness of the environment is increasing all over the world. Organizations fall between the option of offering a net-emission product, or reducing the percentage of carbon in the product to release demand. This study highlights the role of ArcelorMittal’s targeted green portfolio, which is a leader in the iron and steel markets.The targeted sectors were identified by designing the green portfolio and creating a green pricing strategy, which enabled it to support the development of a number of green food markets, such as the hydrogen market, clean energies, recycling plastics, and the electric car market, and achieving sustainability by marketing Its products that enhance sustainability and have a reduced carbon footprint in the field of transportation with its various means and infrastructure, renewable energies, construction, home appliances, and packaging.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Achieving sustainability,
  topic: keywords
subject: Green markets of tomorrow,
  topic: keywords
subject: Institutions,
  topic: keywords
subject: Technological Advancements,
  topic: keywords
subject: Environment.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mesnoua Asma
creator: Bouchair Hadjer
creator: Khelouf Yacine
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-25
publication date: 2026-02-25
starting page: 104
ending page: 111
doi: 10.55284/hvkf7k06

External Debt, Corruption and Capital Flight in Emerging Economies: A Dynamic GMM Analysis
type: item
description: This study investigates the relationship between external debt, corruption, and capital flight in emerging economies over the period 2004–2020. The selected timeframe ensures the availability of consistent data while encompassing both periods of macroeconomic stability and episodes of global financial stress. To address potential endogeneity, unobserved country-specific effects, and the dynamic nature of capital flight, the analysis employs the Arellano–Bond dynamic panel estimator (dynamic panel framework estimated using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM)). This approach uses lagged levels of the endogenous variables as instruments, allowing for consistent estimation of the impact of external debt and corruption on capital flight. The methodology provides robust evidence on the dynamic interactions between governance quality, external borrowing, and capital outflows in emerging economies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Capital flight,
  topic: keywords
subject: Corruption,
  topic: keywords
subject: Emerging economies,
  topic: keywords
subject: External debt,
  topic: keywords
subject: GMM approach.
  topic: keywords
creator: Molka BEN AYED
creator: Abderraouf MTIRAOUI
creator: Anis BOUABID
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-25
publication date: 2026-02-25
starting page: 96
ending page: 103
doi: 10.55284/mfv1qy13

Government Policy on Industrial Development in Maluku Province in the Context of the Island Cluster
type: item
description: The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (UUD 1945) provides the basis for the implementation of decentralization in Indonesia. Although in principle it adheres to a symmetrical decentralization model, the constitution also allows for asymmetrical decentralization, as stated in Article 18A paragraph (1), Article 18B paragraph (1), and Article 25A of the 1945 Constitution. This provision has particular significance for archipelagic regions, including the Province of Maluku, whose characteristics differ fundamentally from those of mainland regions. The geographical conditions of Maluku, which consists of thousands of islands, is dominated by water, is isolated, and has infrastructure gaps, require an island-based development model. This dissertation aims to analyze government policies in the implementation of industrial development in Maluku Province within the framework of asymmetric decentralization and the island cluster approach. The research focuses on the constitutional basis, the legal framework in Law No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government and Law No. 3 of 2014 on Industry, as well as an evaluation of the implementation of industrial policy in Maluku. The research method used is a normative legal approach combined with empirical studies to obtain a comprehensive picture of legal issues and industrial development policies in the archipelago. The results of the study show that despite normative recognition of Maluku's uniqueness, the implementation of industrial policy has not been fully adaptive to the reality of the archipelago. Limited interconnectivity, weak logistics distribution, and low development of local resource-based industries are the main challenges. Therefore, this dissertation emphasizes the importance of designing industrial policies based on asymmetrical island clusters that are responsive to geographical conditions and capable of realizing equitable development for the people of Maluku within the framework of the Unitary State of the …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Archipelago context,
  topic: keywords
subject: Government policy,
  topic: keywords
subject: Industrial development.
  topic: keywords
creator: Marchellino Paliama
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-25
publication date: 2026-02-25
starting page: 86
ending page: 95
doi: 10.55284/612crx60

Lucius Apuleius A Journey in Search of Identity
type: item
description: This article offers a comprehensive reexamination of The Golden Ass: Being the Metamorphoses of Lucius Apuleius by Apuleius as a profoundly hybrid and genre-defying narrative that integrates literary innovation with philosophical, religious, and cultural inquiry. The study foregrounds the novel’s autobiographical and “ego-narrative” dimension, emphasizing the deliberate overlap between the author and the protagonist, Lucius, whereby the boundaries between narrator and character become fluid. Through this narrative strategy, Apuleius constructs a text that simultaneously performs fiction and gestures toward experiential authenticity. Central to the analysis is the motif of metamorphosis as an ethical and ontological paradigm. The novel thus articulates a profound meditation on human fallibility, the tension between bodily desire and rational illumination, and the possibility of spiritual regeneration.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Allegory and symbolism,
  topic: keywords
subject: Apuleius,
  topic: keywords
subject: Eastern spirituality,
  topic: keywords
subject: Identity crisis,
  topic: keywords
subject: Metamorphosis,
  topic: keywords
subject: Moral transformation,
  topic: keywords
subject: Roman religion,
  topic: keywords
subject: The golden ass.
  topic: keywords
creator: Babba Aicha
creator: Beradi Abderrahmane
creator: Bendoucha Charif Dine
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-24
publication date: 2026-02-24
starting page: 80
ending page: 85
doi: 10.55284/p98bs004

E-Administration as a Strategic Approach to Performance Enhancement and the Modernization of Public Services in the Era of Digital Transformation
type: item
description: Many countries around the world, particularly developing ones, suffer from structural imbalances within their institutional frameworks as a result of adopting the classical bureaucratic model in managing public service institutions. This situation necessitates the search for new mechanisms capable of ensuring institutional integration and efficiency. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the linkage between the objectives of digital transformation namely enhancing transparency and combating administrative corruption within public service bodies and state institutions and the adoption of the e-government model. Such a model contributes to improving the performance of public service institutions, clarifying the role and functions of the state, and strengthening its relationship with society. Ultimately, this enhances transparency in public administration and supports the fulfillment of the requirements for building a state based on strong and effective institutions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: E-management,
  topic: keywords
subject: Digitization,
  topic: keywords
subject: Public utility.
  topic: keywords
creator: khamsa Saihi
creator: Saihi Ismail
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-24
publication date: 2026-02-24
starting page: 73
ending page: 79
doi: 10.55284/4cmtkw07

Analysis of the Influence of Productivity and Efficiency of the Plantation Sector on the Island of Sumatra with DEA and MPI Approaches
type: item
description: This research analyzes the levels of efficiency and productivity within the plantation sector across 8 provinces in Sumatra during the period of 2016-2021. This analysis employs the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) methodologies. The utilized input variables encompass land area, quantity of fertilizer, and the agricultural workforce within the plantation sector. As for the output variables, they encompass the quantities of palm oil production, coconut production, coffee production, and rubber production. The research findings reveal fluctuations in the efficiency and productivity levels of the Sumatra plantation sector year by year. The efficiency levels exhibit an upward trend, while the productivity levels on average display a decrease, primarily attributable to a decline in technological change (TECHCH). Furthermore, an analysis conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic period indicates that the pandemic has notably impacted the efficiency levels within the plantation sector. However, in terms of productivity levels, Covid-19's influence appears to be insubstantial. Delving deeper, the findings from the potential improvement analysis reveal that the foremost sources of inefficiency stem from the output variables, particularly the coffee production quantity, followed by the palm oil production quantity. In light of these research outcomes, recommendations are extended to pertinent stakeholders. It is advised to concentrate efforts on the development of the plantation sector, encompassing policy initiatives, stimuli, and the incorporation of technology within plantation activities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: DEA,
  topic: keywords
subject: Efficiency,
  topic: keywords
subject: MPI,
  topic: keywords
subject: Plantation sector.
  topic: keywords
subject: Productivity.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dian Wahyuni
creator: Hadi Suriono
creator: Saleh Malawat
creator: Heni Subagiharti
creator: Rossy Pratiwi Sihombing
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-24
publication date: 2026-02-24
starting page: 66
ending page: 72
doi: 10.55284/km6yfn21

Drivers and Future Prospects of Political Reform in the Arab Gulf: A Study in the Phase of Regional and International Transformations
type: item
description: This study analyzes the issue of political reform in the Arab Gulf states amid accelerated regional and international transformations, particularly following the Arab Spring and the ensuing internal and external pressures on regional political systems. It proceeds from the hypothesis that political stagnation and the absence of effective popular participation constitute one of the primary causes of internal crises, placing regimes before challenges related to legitimacy, stability, and responsiveness to citizens' demands. The study discusses the evolution of the concept of political reform—from being perceived as a tool of foreign intervention or international conspiracy to an urgent internal necessity imposed by shifts in the international environment and its conflicts, including proxy wars. It highlights the specificity of Gulf governance systems, which rely on traditional loyalties, while raising questions about these regimes' capacity to adapt to current transformations. The study concludes by forecasting two main scenarios for the region's future: either the resilience of regimes through genuine gradual reforms, or entry into paths of disintegration should the trust gap between rulers and ruled persist.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Arab Gulf states,
  topic: keywords
subject: Political reform,
  topic: keywords
subject: Political stagnation,
  topic: keywords
subject: Political legitimacy,
  topic: keywords
subject: Regional and international transformations.
  topic: keywords
creator: LAKHDARI Imane
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-19
publication date: 2026-02-19
starting page: 60
ending page: 65
doi: 10.55284/d9c8d155

The Ideology of Western Science
type: item
description: This article explores the dialectical relationship between science and ideology within the intellectual framework of modernity and argues that scientific knowledge does not develop solely through internal methodological dynamics, but is deeply shaped by social, political, economic, and ideological conditions. By tracing the historical emergence of the history of science and examining debates between internalist and externalist perspectives, the study highlights how epistemic frameworks are influenced by broader cultural and ideological structures. Moreover, the paper analyzes the impact of modern materialist paradigms on both the natural and human sciences, emphasizing how the extension of experimental methodology to the study of human beings has often led to reductionist interpretations. It contends that modern Western rationality, while placing the human being at the center of knowledge, paradoxically contributes to his conceptual marginalization. The study concludes that science and ideology exist in a dynamic and evolving interaction, and that understanding this relationship is crucial for critically evaluating the limits, assumptions, and social functions of neoteric scientific knowledge.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Epistemology,
  topic: keywords
subject: Human sciences,
  topic: keywords
subject: Ideology,
  topic: keywords
subject: Modernity,
  topic: keywords
subject: Science.
  topic: keywords
creator: Kefif Kadhi Fatima Zohra
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-19
publication date: 2026-02-19
starting page: 55
ending page: 59
doi: 10.55284/2sw3ma94

The National Criminal Pole for Combating Crimes Related to Information and Communication Technologies as a Legal Mechanism to Counter Cybercrime in Accordance with Order No. 21-11
type: item
description: This research paper aims to examine the current state of criminal law's response to cybercrimes in Algeria, as well as the future prospects for addressing such offenses within the Algerian criminal justice system. It does so by anticipating an effective criminal policy capable of mounting a genuine confrontation against one of the most dangerous types of contemporary crimes. Cybercrimes represent one of the most severe security challenges facing the international community. These offenses are highly complex, perpetrated through advanced technologies by highly intelligent offenders, rendering investigation and proof exceptionally difficult. Traditional investigative procedures conducted by authorities responsible for criminal inquiry and detection are ill-suited to the nature of cybercrimes. Consequently, the Algerian legislator introduced Order No. 21-11, which provides for the establishment of a National Criminal Pole dedicated to combating crimes in the field of information and communication technologies. This constitutes a significant achievement and a qualitative addition to efforts aimed at countering this form of crime.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: ombating cybercrime,
  topic: keywords
subject: C Investigation and proof,
  topic: keywords
subject: Criminal pole,
  topic: keywords
subject: Criminal policy,
  topic: keywords
subject: Cybercrime.
  topic: keywords
creator: Tarafi Sadek
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-18
publication date: 2026-02-18
starting page: 50
ending page: 54
doi: 10.55284/yrd1c495

Pedagogical Mediation and Image Education in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: The Role of Audiovisual Media and Augmented Reality in Contemporary Learning Environments
type: item
description: The rapid expansion of digital technologies has profoundly transformed educational practices, placing image education at the core of contemporary learning challenges. In this evolving context, pedagogical mediation emerges as a critical process for supporting learners’ understanding, interpretation, and critical engagement with increasingly complex audiovisual environments. This article explores how artificial intelligence (AI), audiovisual media, and augmented reality (AR) collectively reshape mediation practices within image education. Drawing on a critical and integrative review of recent international literature, the study examines the ways AI-driven audiovisual systems and AR-based learning environments enhance interactivity, personalization, and learner engagement while simultaneously redefining the role of educators as mediators between technology, knowledge, and learners. The findings highlight that augmented and intelligent audiovisual tools can significantly support the development of visual literacy, critical thinking, and reflective skills when embedded within well-structured pedagogical frameworks. However, the study also identifies key pedagogical and ethical challenges, including algorithmic bias, over-automation of learning processes, and the need for advanced media and AI literacy among educators and learners. The article argues that effective integration of AI and AR in image education requires a balanced mediation approach that prioritizes human agency, critical awareness, and ethical responsibility. It concludes by proposing future research directions focused on sustainable, inclusive, and critically grounded uses of intelligent audiovisual technologies in education.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial intelligence (AI),
  topic: keywords
subject: Audiovisual media,
  topic: keywords
subject: Augmented reality,
  topic: keywords
subject: Pedagogical mediation,
  topic: keywords
subject: Image education,
  topic: keywords
subject: Visual literacy,
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational technology.
  topic: keywords
creator: INES Frikha
creator: AHMED Bouajila
creator: ADEL Fridhi
creator: RAHIM Kouki
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-13
publication date: 2026-02-13
starting page: 44
ending page: 49
doi: 10.55284/43xf8e43

Assessing the Economic, Social and Environmental Effects of Trade Openness: An OECD Analysis
type: item
description: This study aims to examine the effects of trade liberalization on economic growth, income inequality, and CO₂ emissions, while also testing for the existence of both social and environmental Kuznets curves. To this end, three econometric models are employed. The first model analyzes the impact of trade openness on economic growth, the second investigates its effect on income inequality, and the third focuses on the relationship between trade openness and CO₂ emissions. The analysis is conducted using panel data for 24 OECD countries over the period 2005–2022. The methodological approach relies on panel data techniques, with estimations carried out using the fixed effects method. The empirical findings indicate that greater openness to international trade has a positive and statistically significant impact on economic growth by expanding markets, generating economies of scale, and enhancing productive efficiency in the countries studied. Furthermore, trade liberalization appears to increase income inequality, particularly between skilled and unskilled workers. From an environmental perspective, trade openness promotes the adoption of cleaner technologies, thereby contributing to a reduction in CO₂ emissions. Finally, the results confirm the existence of the Kuznets curve, revealing both U-shaped and inverted U-shaped relationships between GDP, income inequality, and CO₂ emissions within the estimated models.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: CO₂ emissions,
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic growth,
  topic: keywords
subject: Fixed effects method,
  topic: keywords
subject: Internal income inequality,
  topic: keywords
subject: Kuznets curve,
  topic: keywords
subject: OECD countries,
  topic: keywords
creator: Nassira WERGHEMMI
creator: Abderraouf MTIRAOUI
creator: Mongi LASSOUED
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-11
publication date: 2026-02-11
starting page: 35
ending page: 43
doi: 10.55284/m2606706

Audiovisual and Cinematic Practices Enhanced by Augmented Reality: Multimodal Mediation, Educational Uses, and Identity Construction
type: item
description: The rapid integration of augmented reality (AR) into audiovisual and cinematic environments is transforming contemporary educational practices and redefining the ways learners engage with media texts. This study explores how audiovisual and cinematic practices enhanced by augmented reality function as spaces of multimodal mediation, fostering innovative educational uses and contributing to processes of identity construction. Drawing on a multimodal theoretical framework, the research examines the interplay between visual, auditory, narrative, and interactive dimensions enabled by AR technologies in educational contexts. The study adopts a qualitative and interpretive approach, combining media analysis and learner experience to understand how augmented audiovisual environments support meaning-making, reflexivity, and self-representation. Findings suggest that AR-enriched cinematic and audiovisual practices facilitate deeper learner engagement by promoting active participation, embodied interaction, and critical interpretation of media content. Moreover, these environments encourage learners to negotiate personal and social identities through immersive and dialogical learning experiences. The study highlights the pedagogical potential of augmented audiovisual media as tools for multimodal mediation, emphasizing their role in bridging formal education, cultural expression, and digital literacy. By articulating the relationship between augmented reality, educational practices, and identity construction, this research contributes to ongoing debates on the educational value of emerging media technologies and offers insights for educators, curriculum designers, and media practitioners seeking to integrate AR into audiovisual and cinematic learning contexts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Audiovisual and cinema,
  topic: keywords
subject: Augmented reality,
  topic: keywords
subject: Multimodal mediation,
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational uses,
  topic: keywords
subject: Identity construction.
  topic: keywords
creator: MARIEM Zerzeri
creator: ADEL Fridhi
creator: AHMED Bouajila
creator: RAHIM Kouki
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-10
publication date: 2026-02-10
starting page: 27
ending page: 34
doi: 10.55284/w3np7e75

Artificial Intelligence as a Pedagogical Tool in Lesson Planning: Implications for Self-Confidence and Professional Development of Physical Education Student Teachers
type: item
description: This study examines the role of artificial intelligence (AI) as a pedagogical support tool in lesson planning and its implications for self-confidence and professional development among physical education student teachers during their internship period. As lesson planning represents a critical component of effective teaching practice, student teachers often encounter challenges related to organization, decision-making, and instructional confidence. The growing integration of AI-based tools in teacher education offers new opportunities to address these challenges by providing structured guidance, personalized feedback, and data-driven support. Adopting a mixed-methods research design, the study combines quantitative data collected through a structured questionnaire administered to physical education student teachers with qualitative insights drawn from thematic analysis of participant responses. The quantitative findings indicate statistically significant positive relationships between AI-supported lesson planning and key dimensions of teacher self-confidence, including confidence in pedagogical decision-making, perceived teaching competence, and professional development. Qualitative results further reveal that AI tools contribute to improved lesson organization, reduced cognitive load, and enhanced reflective practice, while also highlighting challenges related to digital competence and ethical use. The findings suggest that AI functions not merely as a technical aid but as a pedagogical scaffold that supports professional identity formation and instructional effectiveness. However, the study also emphasizes the necessity of ethically informed and pedagogically aligned implementation to ensure that AI enhances, rather than replaces, professional judgment. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on AI in teacher education by providing empirical evidence on its potential to strengthen lesson planning quality, self-confidence, and professional devel…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence,
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethical use of AI,
  topic: keywords
subject: Lesson planning,
  topic: keywords
subject: Physical education,
  topic: keywords
subject: Professional development,
  topic: keywords
subject: Student teachers,
  topic: keywords
subject: Teacher self-confidence.
  topic: keywords
creator: SAIF Rihan
creator: Wadii Zayed
creator: ADEL Fridhi
creator: NAILA Bali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-10
publication date: 2026-02-10
starting page: 18
ending page: 25
doi: 10.55284/wwsj8s69

Regulating Digital Social Protection in Post-Soviet States: Comparative Institutional Perspectives from Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan
type: item
description: Shared administrative legacies from the Soviet Union are examined in this article and how they shape the development of digital social protection systems when combined with differing institutional arrangements. This paper finds that while there has been research on the digitalisation of welfare services, there has been a shortage of comparative institutional frameworks that explain the differences across post-Soviet countries. Therefore, by applying an institutional analytical framework to the analysis of both the digital social protection systems of Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, this paper aims to fill that gap. This research uses comparative document and policy analyses to evaluate the governance arrangement, legal and regulatory regime, organisational structure and digital infrastructure underpinning the delivery of welfare services in each country. The findings indicate that although both countries have similar administrative legacies, they have both taken different approaches to digital welfare development as a result of their varying levels of coordination capacities and legal formalisation; furthermore, both have pursued different styles of governance. In particular, Azerbaijan has focused on developing centralised service-based platforms whereas Kazakhstan has adopted a more comprehensive approach to developing its digital governance and welfare system. Overall, this article concludes that the way in which institutions have been organised determines the outcome of digital welfare systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital social protection,
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital governance,
  topic: keywords
subject: Institutional analysis,
  topic: keywords
subject: Welfare state transformation,
  topic: keywords
subject: Kazakhstan,
  topic: keywords
subject: Post-Soviet states, Azerbaijan.
  topic: keywords
creator: Sanan Aghayev
creator: Ahmet Ozcan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-10
publication date: 2026-02-10
starting page: 9
ending page: 17
doi: 10.55284/1ehs1m56

Hydrothermal Synthesis, Characterization, and Enhanced Antibacterial Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles against Waterborne Pathogens
type: item
description: Clean water access remains a global challenge due to the high costs and hazardous byproducts from conventional chemical disinfectants. This study explores zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles as an innovative antibacterial agent for water disinfection, leveraging their high surface area and ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that disrupt bacterial cell walls. ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized via hydrothermal method and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD confirmed high-purity hexagonal wurtzite ZnO with nine distinct peaks, UV-vis revealed an absorbance peak at 350-380 nm, and SEM showed spherical morphology. Antibacterial efficacy was tested against Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Bacillus cereus (Gram-positive) using disk diffusion assays. B. cereus exhibited greater sensitivity, suggesting ZnO nanoparticles primarily disrupt positively charged cell membranes via ROS-mediated oxidative stress. These findings highlight ZnO nanoparticles' potential as a sustainable water treatment solution, though further research is needed to address scalability and long-term stability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Antimicrobial activity,
  topic: keywords
subject: Nanotechnology hydrothermal synthesis,
  topic: keywords
subject: Reactive oxygen species (ROS),
  topic: keywords
subject: Water treatment,
  topic: keywords
subject: Zinc oxide nanoparticles.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Aljaradin
creator: Mezna Mohammad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-06
publication date: 2026-02-06
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.55284/rz17dt91

Nutritional Socialization and its Relationship to Health in Algerian Society - A Socio-Anthropological Study
type: item
description: Food in society’s life is linked to identities and also reflects individuals’ sense of belonging. For, nutrition is not merely a routine but a necessary act for survival and continuity repeated across time and space, nor simply a form of physical pleasure. Rather, it goes far beyond that, when it becomes strongly tied to the identity of a society, its cultural structure, and its socializing institutions. Moreover, we find that through the connection between what we consume in our daily lives and the identity dimension of nutrition in its broad sense. In this research, we relied on the collection of documented data and their analysis according to the comparative approach between the most important stages of change in the food system and health conditions in modern Algerian society, using the observation of daily experiences of events related to our object of study and research conducted at local and global levels in the field of nutrition and health. the health situation of a society can not be understood without reference to its food identity, which is shaped by traditions, customs, and cultural structures. This is approached through socio-anthropological research into people’s perceptions, Obesity, diabetes, and cancer are no longer individual problems, but have become social issues linked. the transformation of Algeria’s food identity which has led to a growing awareness of the need to move beyond mistaken practices inherited across generations, reinforced by the circumstances the society has gone through. Thus, an individual’s identity is determined by what they refrain from consuming for fear of illness, rather than necessarily by their dietary pattern itself. We are therefore facing a slow-paced transformation at the level of values and consumer habits, shaped by the resistance of inherited food traditions and their persistence in the face of the risks of openness to other identities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Consumption,
  topic: keywords
subject: Culture,
  topic: keywords
subject: Disease,
  topic: keywords
subject: Identity,
  topic: keywords
subject: Nutrition.
  topic: keywords
creator: Benmaghnia, kada
creator: Boualag Kamal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 85
ending page: 88
doi: 10.55284/28xzcd72

Conversational Commerce as a Strategic Lever: Empowering Startups in the Digital Economy
type: item
description: This study examines the concept of conversational commerce (CC) as an innovative mechanism for simplifying customer decision-making processes and strengthening interactive relationships between brands and consumers. Employing a descriptive approach, the research positions CC as an intelligent medium capable of adapting to the dynamic transformations of digital markets. The findings demonstrate that conversational commerce fosters continuous two-way interactive relationships, thereby generating added value that enhances the operational efficiency of startup business activities and supports their sustainable growth within contemporary entrepreneurial ecosystems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Brand,
  topic: keywords
subject: Conversational commerce,
  topic: keywords
subject: Customer,
  topic: keywords
subject: E-commerce,
  topic: keywords
subject: Purchase journey.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dahmane Ahmed
creator: Hakmi Brahim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 77
ending page: 84
doi: 10.55284/mdyh3308

Institutional Interaction and FDI Dynamics in the Growth of MENA Economies: Application to Dynamic Panel Data
type: item
description: This study analyzes the interaction between institutional quality and FDI dynamics in driving economic growth across 16 MENA countries over the period 2011–2024. Using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) developed by Arellano and Bond (1991), it addresses the endogeneity between growth, FDI, and institutional factors. The results suggest that FDI positively contributes to growth, but its impact largely depends on the quality of institutions. Countries with strong governance and sound regulatory frameworks benefit more from technology transfer and productivity spillovers generated by FDI. The study therefore highlights that institutional improvement is a key lever for maximizing the benefits of foreign investment and fostering sustainable growth in the MENA region.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: FDI,
  topic: keywords
subject: GMM method,
  topic: keywords
subject: Institutional quality,
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic growth.
  topic: keywords
creator: Wiem EL ABED
creator: Abderraouf MTIRAOUI
creator: Mongi Lassoued
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
starting page: 66
ending page: 76
doi: 10.55284/w5c8hx40

Teachers’ Pedagogical Competence and Students’ Learning Interest: A Socio-Legal Study of Religious Education in Indonesian Public Schools
type: item
description: Teachers’ pedagogical competence is commonly discussed within educational discourse; however, its legal and institutional dimensions remain underexplored, particularly in relation to students’ learning interest. This socio-legal qualitative study examines how pedagogical competence, as part of teachers’ professional obligations in public schools, is enacted in religious education classrooms and how it influences students’ learning interest. The study was conducted in Indonesian public secondary schools using in-depth interviews with teachers and students, classroom observations, and document analysis. Thematic analysis revealed four interconnected pedagogical practices that significantly shape students’ learning interest: contextualization of learning content, dialogic interaction, effective classroom management, and constructive feedback. The findings indicate that pedagogical competence functions not only as an instructional skill but also as a normative professional obligation that supports students’ right to meaningful and engaging education. By highlighting the affective dimension of pedagogical competence from a socio-legal perspective, this study contributes to discussions on educational governance, teacher professionalism, and the realization of quality education within public schooling systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pedagogical competence,
  topic: keywords
subject: Learning interest,
  topic: keywords
subject: Public schools,
  topic: keywords
subject: Religious education,
  topic: keywords
subject: Socio-legal study.
  topic: keywords
creator: Susi Umasangaji
creator: Bahaking Rama
creator: Rusli Malli
creator: M Ilham Muchtar
creator: Muhammad Yaumil
creator: Amirah Amirah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-23
publication date: 2026-01-23
starting page: 61
ending page: 65
doi: 10.55284/er47gh58

An Analysis of Outreach and Sustainability Profitability of Credit Union in East Nusa Tenggara
type: item
description: This research study aims to analyze: (1) whether outreach influences the sustainability (profitability) of credit unions; (2) the impact of taxes and operational costs on outreach and sustainability; and (3) the impact of assets on outreach and sustainability. It fills a gap in the literature by examining the relationship between outreach and sustainability in credit unions in East Nusa Tenggara, incorporating taxes, operational costs, and assets as key determinants. Data were collected via documentation and analyzed using treatment regression. The study employs six-year panel data econometrics (2016–2021) from the financial statements of 99 credit unions in East Nusa Tenggara. First, a trade-off exists between outreach and sustainability (profitability). Second, taxes have no significant impact on outreach or sustainability; employee and administrative costs negatively affect outreach; and interest costs negatively affect sustainability. Third, institutional assets (e.g., Mutual Protection Funds [Dapema] and technology adoption) positively impact both outreach and sustainability. Financial assets such as liabilities and stock savings positively affect both; total assets and working capital positively affect outreach; and non-stock savings positively affect sustainability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Outreach,
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainability,
  topic: keywords
subject: Trade-off.
  topic: keywords
creator: Masri Marius
creator: Munawar Ismail
creator: David Kaluge
creator: Dwi Budi Santoso
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-21
publication date: 2026-01-21
starting page: 47
ending page: 60
doi: 10.55284/8jajh858

The Role of Sustainable Marketing in the Continued Activity of Economic Institutions
type: item
description: The study aims at identifying the impact of sustainable marketing on the continued marketing activity of institutions for economic institutions by highlighting the contribution of sustainable marketing characteristics to the survival and sustainability of small and medium enterprises, including the Guedila Mineral Water Establishment based in the city of Jammoura, Biskra State, Quality and meet the needs of various consumers. The problem of research has been: What is the impact of sustainable marketing on the continued marketing activity of a Guedila Miniral water Biskra? Where the applied study for sustainable marketing was at Establishment Guedila Miniral water Biskra. The study found that the role of sustainable marketing was reflected in the survival of a similar mineral water institution, but this remains relatively as there are no indicators of sustainable marketing that are absolutely and directly related to economic institutions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Economic activity, Guedila Miniral water Enterprise, Marketing, Sustainable marketing, Marketing mix.
  topic: keywords
creator: Djouadi Samira
creator: GROUNGA OUALID
creator: Tebaibia Salima
creator: Fatiha Bouhrine
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-19
publication date: 2026-01-19
starting page: 39
ending page: 46
doi: 10.55284/ycecjk96

Aspects of the Contributions of Leading Figures from Colonised Algeria to Supporting the Maghrebi Unitary Struggle (1920–1962)
type: item
description: European colonial policies and objectives pursued in the Maghrebi region, together with the impact of shared foundations and commonalities uniting the region's populations, prompted leading figures of the national movements to adopt the idea of strengthening the common Maghrebi struggle and activating it on the ground. They regarded this approach as the most effective means of liberation from the colonial grip and of restoring usurped national sovereignty in all its pillars and components. Given that Algeria was among the earliest victims of French colonial domination, it constituted an early arena of resistance to colonialism and a platform for the articulation of unifying ideas that viewed the Maghreb as a single entity confronting the same danger and sharing the same destiny. This was manifested in the positions and contributions of prominent figures within the national movement and the liberation revolution, who enriched and reinforced the trajectory of the Maghrebi unitary struggle.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Committee for the Liberation of the Maghreb,
  topic: keywords
subject: French colonialism,
  topic: keywords
subject: Common Maghrebi struggle,
  topic: keywords
subject: Maghrebi national movement.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mouhoub Mabrouk
creator: Farid Nasrallah
creator: Abdelhafid Abdelhai
creator: Saber Noureddine
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-19
publication date: 2026-01-19
starting page: 29
ending page: 38
doi: 10.55284/v27rka98

Exploring the Psychological Impact of Augmented Reality on Motivation and Performance in Sports Training
type: item
description: The rapid evolution of immersive technologies has reshaped the landscape of sports training and performance analysis. Among these innovations, augmented reality (AR) stands out as a transformative tool capable of merging physical practice with virtual feedback, thereby enriching the athlete’s perceptual and psychological experience. This study explores the psychological effects of AR integration in sports, focusing on how immersive interactions influence motivation, concentration, and emotional regulation during training. Drawing upon contemporary theories in sport psychology and cognitive engagement, the research emphasizes how AR-based feedback systems can enhance self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, and the sense of achievement among athletes. Preliminary observations reveal that AR environments promote a stronger sense of presence and goal orientation, reducing performance anxiety and mental fatigue. The findings suggest that augmented reality not only improves physical performance but also contributes to psychological well-being and mental resilience, offering new perspectives for coaches, psychologists, and researchers seeking to integrate technology-driven approaches into sports practice and performance enhancement.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Augmented reality,
  topic: keywords
subject: Psychology,
  topic: keywords
subject: Mental resilience,
  topic: keywords
subject: Cognitive engagement.
  topic: keywords
subject: Motivation,
  topic: keywords
subject: Performance,
  topic: keywords
subject: Sport.
  topic: keywords
creator: WADII Zayed
creator: ADEL Fridhi
creator: ZIED Lachiri
creator: HAMID Amiri
creator: NAILA Bali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-19
publication date: 2026-01-19
starting page: 21
ending page: 28
doi: 10.55284/839t9e19

Didactic Applications of Art and Augmented Reality in the Teaching of Medical History: Educational and Legal Challenges
type: item
description: This article explores how art and augmented reality can be harnessed as innovative didactic tools in teaching the history of medicine, with particular attention to the intertwined educational and legal challenges that emerge in contemporary academic and clinical contexts. As augmented reality technologies gain traction within higher education, evidence suggests they enhance engagement, spatial understanding, and experiential learning especially in complex domains such as medical anatomy and historical narrative reconstruction by overlaying virtual elements onto real-world environments for enriched learning experiences. However, while the integration of such immersive tools demonstrates considerable promise for didactic innovation and the presentation of historical medical artifacts and artistic representations, it also raises important questions pertaining to curriculum design, pedagogical efficacy, intellectual property rights, and data governance within educational institutions. Drawing upon interdisciplinary literature from educational technology, medical education, and legal scholarship, this study articulates both the pedagogical potential and the regulatory constraints of deploying art-infused augmented reality frameworks in medical history education. By advancing a nuanced understanding of these opportunities and challenges, the article provides guidance for educators, policymakers, and legal theorists seeking to responsibly integrate emerging digital modalities into the teaching of medicine’s historical narratives.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Art,
  topic: keywords
subject: Augmented reality,
  topic: keywords
subject: Didactics,
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational innovation,
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal challenges,
  topic: keywords
subject: Medical education,
  topic: keywords
subject: Medical history.
  topic: keywords
creator: ASMA Jebahi
creator: ADEL Fridhi
creator: SALWA Mestiri
creator: RAHIM Kouki
creator: AHMED Bouajila
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
starting page: 15
ending page: 20
doi: 10.55284/y3e9b988

Exploring the Nonlinear Relationship between Renewable Energy Consumption and Green Economic Growth Across Income Groups: Evidence from PSTAR Model
type: item
description: The transition to a sustainable energy system is imperative given the escalating concerns over fossil fuel dependency, energy security, and the pursuit of sustainable economic growth. This study investigates the nonlinear relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth across 61 countries, categorized into high-, middle-, and low-income economies, over the period 1990-2020. Using the Panel Smooth Transition Auto-Regressive (PSTAR) model, the results indicate that the impact of renewable energy consumption on green economic growth is conditional on a threshold value of 3.883. Below this threshold, renewable energy consumption negatively affects economic growth, whereas above it, it becomes a significant driver of economic expansion. Furthermore, the transition from a low to a high renewable energy consumption regime is abrupt, as indicated by the gamma transition parameter of 2.592. These findings hold significant policy implications, suggesting the need for tailored energy policies that facilitate the transition to higher renewable energy consumption levels to achieve sustainable economic growth. The study provides concrete policy recommendations based on empirical insights.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: CO2 emissions,
  topic: keywords
subject: Green economic growth,
  topic: keywords
subject: Renewable energy,
  topic: keywords
subject: PSTAR model,
  topic: keywords
subject: SDGs.
  topic: keywords
creator: Nouha Hadj Mansour
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-09
publication date: 2026-01-09
starting page: 7
ending page: 14
doi: 10.55284/n03hr372

Legal Regulations Promoting Innovation in the Public Sector
type: item
description: This article summarizes and analyzes current legal policies and regulations that form the basis for innovation in the public sector in Vietnam today, aligning with the global trend of sustainable development in the context of globalization and the AI era. The author points out the achievements and shortcomings that need to be addressed in the future. Based on this, the author proposes several solutions to further improve legal policies to promote innovation in the public sector in the future.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Impact,
  topic: keywords
subject: Innovation,
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal policies,
  topic: keywords
subject: Public sector,
  topic: keywords
subject: Vietnam.
  topic: keywords
creator: Pham Thanh Nga
creator: Luong Van Tuan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-01
publication date: 2026-01-01
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.55284/13ytby95

Real Estate Legislation in French Colonial Policy and its Economic and Social Effects in Algeria and Tunisia between 1919- 1939
type: item
description: In this study, I attempt to shed light on a specific aspect of French colonial policy in the Maghreb, focusing on the settlement in both Algeria and Tunisia during the interwar period. I consider this policy to have been the cornerstone of the French consolidation of their grip on both countries. This stems from the premise that the settlement process would contribute to giving the occupation its real meaning and actual implementation. Colonialism that lacks settlement is a formal colonialism. Therefore, the granting of land ownership to Europeans was both an end and a means for the colonial policy, which was based on numerous laws. In this study, I relied on well-known scientific methods, such as the descriptive method in addition to the statistical method through counting and inventorying the various lands that France controlled in both Algeria and Tunisia, in addition to our use of the analytical method, and this through analyzing the various historical phenomena that were mentioned in the various sources and references that dealt with the subject. This study is considered original, as all the studies that dealt with the subject of settlement during the French colonial period in both countries started from the first years of colonialism. The study concludes with several key findings, we reached many conclusions that were in the form of summaries, the most notable being that the French reliance on many laws and legislation by virtue of which they were able to seize large parts of the lands of Algerians and Tunisians, and to own them to Europeans in general and the French in particular, in order to achieve the French colonial project.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Algeria,
  topic: keywords
subject: Tunisia,
  topic: keywords
subject: Land expropriation laws,
  topic: keywords
subject: French colonialism, Settlement.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ismail LARBI
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 91
ending page: 102
doi: 10.55284/tw96b342

The Status of Foreign Law before the Algerian National Judiciary
type: item
description: Foreign law occupies an important position before the Algerian national judge whenever the conflict-of-law rules provided for in the Civil Code refer to it, particularly in matters of an international nature such as personal status, contracts, and commerce. The judge is considered obliged to apply it as law rather than as a fact. However, this obligation sometimes encounters difficulties related to proving the content of foreign law and interpreting it, especially when the parties are unable to provide the approved texts or accurate translations. The judiciary also faces technical and institutional challenges, such as lack of training, the absence of databases for foreign laws, and divergent jurisprudence. Nevertheless, the application of foreign law contributes to enhancing justice in private international relations. Developing evidentiary tools, updating legislation, and training judges remain essential factors for improving the effectiveness of the Algerian judiciary in this field.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Algerian judiciary,
  topic: keywords
subject: Conflict of laws,
  topic: keywords
subject: Foreign law,
  topic: keywords
subject: Judicial application,
  topic: keywords
subject: Private international law.
  topic: keywords
creator: Razika Kouraichi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 86
ending page: 90
doi: 10.55284/rr4djn09

Implementing Laws on Organs and Tissue Donation in Vietnam
type: item
description: In Vietnam, the Law on donation, collection, transplantation of human tissues and donation and collection of corpses was issued in 2006. This issue has also been regulated in the 2005 and 2015 Civil Code. However, the enforcement of the law on organ donation still faces many challenges. This problem is not only in Vietnam but also in worldwide. In this article, the authors analyze the practical problems that countries around the world are facing when enforcing the law on organ donation. From there, it is related to the current situation of Vietnamese law and withdraw lessons that can be drawn to overcome these limitations and challenges in the future.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Challenges,
  topic: keywords
subject: Organ donation law,
  topic: keywords
subject: Implementation,
  topic: keywords
subject: Solutions,
  topic: keywords
subject: Vietnam.
  topic: keywords
creator: Luong Van Tuan
creator: Pham Thanh Nga
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 80
ending page: 85
doi: 10.55284/9h18z672

The Role of the Algerian Family in Addressing the Phenomenon of Child Labor
type: item
description: Child labor is a serious problem that negatively impacts families and society. It undermines a child's personality, harms their health, and negatively affects their future, leading to social problems that threaten family and community stability. Families strive to combat child labor through proper socialization, employing a range of mechanisms including awareness campaigns, supporting children's educational and guidance needs, and ensuring their need for play. They also provide adequate economic and material support, guaranteeing their right to maintenance, suitable housing, and education, and addressing school dropout rates. Ultimately, the family's efforts to combat this phenomenon are insufficient on their own; they require support and assistance from the state, particularly in providing financial and economic support to protect children from labor.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Child Labor,
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic and material support,
  topic: keywords
subject: Family,
  topic: keywords
subject: Socialization.
  topic: keywords
creator: Fadila karrout
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
starting page: 71
ending page: 79
doi: 10.55284/f66zx746