Science of Law
type: channel
description: Science of Law ( ISSN: 2995-8717) is an interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed academic journal committed to advancing knowledge at the intersection of law and the social sciences. The journal aims to foster scholarly dialogue and innovative research that explore how legal systems interact with, influence, and are influenced by the broader social, political, economic, cultural, and psychological landscapes in which they operate.
publisher: Editorial Team of SoL
language: en
publication name: Science of Law
issn: 2995-8717
items: Sustainable Development of International Organizations: Regulating AI Use within Internal law and Governance
items: The Digital Building Permit in Algerian Legislation
items: Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Modern Assessment Methods
items: Legal and Policy Frameworks for Water Sustainability in the Maghreb region: A Comparative Analysis of Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia
items: The Impact of Criminal Irresponsibility on Legal Proceedings a Comparative Study
items: When the Military Clashes with Civil Authority: A Critical Examination of The FCT Minister Versus a Naval Officer
items: Comparative Study of the Miniatures of “Khosrow and Shirin”, Where the both Present, Based on Khamseh, The Story by Nizami Ganjavi
items: The Stain of Organ Trafficking in African States: A Critical Examination
items: The Double Burden: How Child Labor Affects Learning Achievement in Nepalese Schools
items: Criminal Policy on Business Offences: When Legal Excuses Are Instrumentalised to Safeguard the Economy
items: The Algerian Investment Promotion Agency as a Legal Guarantee for Investors in Algeria
items: Myths or Realities; Patriarchy, Gender Structure and Gender Relations in Swasthani Vrata Katha and Today's Hindu Society of Kathmandu
items: Assessment of Factors Contributing to Environmental Pollution in the Context of Public Health Using the Example of the Republic of Armenia
items: The Causal Factors of Strategic Management and Operational Performance: An Empirical Study on the Industrial Machinery and Equipment Sales and Rental Business
items: Strengthening the Legal Framework of Subak-Based Ecotourism in Bali: Between Cultural Policy and Legal Pluralism
items: Administrative Liability for Harm Arising from Intelligent Automated Administrative Decisions
items: The Socio-Economic Dimension of the Development Concept: Towards a New Conception in the Face of Contemporary Challenges
items: Analysis of the Ecological State of the Agstev and Getik Rivers using Background Concentrations
items: Gender Equality in Islamic Education: A Comparative Analysis of Al-Maraghi’s Exegesis and Its Implications
items: Problems and Challenges of Urbanization at Banepa Municipality of Nepal
items: A Critical Analysis of the Place of Energy Transitioning in Achieving Increased Access to Sustainable Energy in Nigeria
items: Community-Based Business Transformation in Rural Destination: Strategic Planning for Sustainable Tourism
items: A Conceptual Model of Human Resource Management and Its Impact on Organizational Performance in Thailand’s Elderly Care Sector
items: More Than Screen Time: The Mediating Role of Distraction in the Relationship between Smartphone Use and Family Communication
items: The Structural Influence of Personal Branding on Perceived Employability in the Beauty Pageant Industry in Thailand for Long-Term Sustainability
items: Accelerating the Realization of Well-Being in Papua Indonesia
items: Application of Python-Based Topsis Method for Financial Performance Assessment of Idx Companies
items: Criminalization and Victimization in the Migrant Population
items: Behavioural Patterns in Rape as a Sexual Assault
items: The Legal System of Intellectual Property in the Digital Age

Sustainable Development of International Organizations: Regulating AI Use within Internal law and Governance
type: item
description: The analysis and unification of the system of internal law of international organizations are one of the significant research areas regarding international law from the angle of AI use for the Good and Sustainable Development. In this context, the issue of the functioning of international organizations when using AI technologies in the internal management system becomes even more relevant. The purpose of the article is to determine the prospects for the development of the internal law of international organizations, taking into account the global implementation of AI technology. To achieve this goal, the role of the internal law of international organizations in the system of international law is determined in connection with the global development of AI, the current directions and prospects for regulating AI technology at the level of international organizations are identified. Academic publications and documents of international organizations are used as materials for the analysis. The methodology of the analysis is based on a qualitative approach and ground-theory, uses computer-based content analysis of the textual data. As a result of scientific, theoretical and empirical analysis, the authors determine the ways and offer recommendations for the safe implementation of technology to ensure a balanced use of AI, taking into account the specifics of the internal management of international organizations and employees.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial intelligence,
  topic: keywords
subject: Internal law of international organizations,
  topic: keywords
subject: Interorganizational requirements,
  topic: keywords
subject: Social governance,
  topic: keywords
subject: Liability of international officials,
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulatory standards,
  topic: keywords
subject: Safe AI,
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable development.
  topic: keywords
creator: Atabekov Atabek
creator: Belousov Aleksander
creator: Belousova Anastasia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-10
publication date: 2025-12-10
starting page: 9
ending page: 22
doi: 10.55284/6fsegj72

The Digital Building Permit in Algerian Legislation
type: item
description: In light of the digital transformation taking place in Algeria within the administrative sector, a digital platform for urban planning permits has been created and is managed by the local authorities responsible for municipal affairs. The aim is to simplify and facilitate the procedures for obtaining urban planning documents, particularly the building permit, in order to reduce the phenomenon of widespread informal construction, to reinforce democratic governance, and to eliminate bureaucracy. However, the issuance of a digital building permit depends on the applicant’s choice and the method used to submit the application. If the submission is made in paper form, the permit is delivered in paper format; whereas if the submission is made through the digital platform, the permit is delivered digitally. The purpose of studying this topic is to clarify the procedures for obtaining the digital building permit, the potential issues that may arise from it, the guarantees granted to the applicant in case the administrative authority explicitly or implicitly refuses to issue the permit or withdraws it after issuance, as well as the powers of the administrative judge in reviewing digital decisions related to building permits.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Building permit,
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital decision,
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital platform,
  topic: keywords
subject: Administration.
  topic: keywords
creator: Cylia Hamache
creator: Djelloul Haidour
creator: Noureddine Hairech
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-08
publication date: 2025-12-08
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.55284/vsqa1y22

Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Modern Assessment Methods
type: item
description: This study examines teachers' attitudes toward modern assessment methods, acknowledging their central role in the educational process and their critical impact on the success of any pedagogical reform, as the theoretical framework explores the concept of attitudes, their dimensions, and the significance of their study within pedagogical practices, emphasizing the strong relationship between teacher attitudes and the efficacy of assessment methods. Empirically, a field-based approach was employed, utilizing a questionnaire administered to a sample of teachers; the collected data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tools, where the results highlighted disparities in teachers' attitudes, ranging from positive to reserved, which varied according to their training level, professional experience, and organizational contexts within their institutions. Furthermore, the findings indicated that positive attitudes enhance the prospects for the success of modern assessment, whereas negative attitudes constitute an obstacle to its implementation. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of continuous professional development and improving educational practice conditions to establish modern assessment methods as effective tools for enhancing academic quality.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Attitudes,
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational reform,
  topic: keywords
subject: Continuous professional development,
  topic: keywords
subject: Modern assessment,
  topic: keywords
subject: Teachers.
  topic: keywords
creator: Aicha BEKKAYE
creator: Salima Gaci
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 111
ending page: 115
doi: 10.55284/tnr4rw76

Legal and Policy Frameworks for Water Sustainability in the Maghreb region: A Comparative Analysis of Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia
type: item
description: Ensuring water sustainability in the Maghreb requires robust legal and policy frameworks. This article provides a comparative, interdisciplinary analysis of water law and governance in Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. Drawing on national laws, constitutional provisions, and international agreements, we examine how each country’s legal framework addresses water scarcity, quality, and equitable access. The analysis uses a descriptive–comparative methodology to highlight strengths, gaps, and opportunities in existing regimes. We find that while Maghreb nations have established comprehensive water codes and enshrined water rights in their constitutions, enforcement challenges and policy fragmentation persist. Regional initiatives for the North-West Sahara Aquifer System and joint programs under Maghreb institutions demonstrate the potential for cooperation. We conclude with recommendations: modernizing legal instruments to meet contemporary challenges (e.g. climate change), integrating water policy with other sectors, and strengthening regional coordination. These insights aim to guide policymakers and scholars interested in sustainable water management in arid regions (United Nations, 2023; Belhassan, 2022; Kuzma et al., 2023).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Climate change,
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal frameworks,
  topic: keywords
subject: Maghreb region,
  topic: keywords
subject: Governance,
  topic: keywords
subject: Water.
  topic: keywords
creator: Chenaker Hichem
creator: Chenaker Maroua
creator: Mohammad Aljaradin
creator: Amina Omrane
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-11-24
publication date: 2025-11-24
starting page: 90
ending page: 95
doi: 10.55284/7hnpd909

The Impact of Criminal Irresponsibility on Legal Proceedings a Comparative Study
type: item
description: This study aims to highlight the legislative approach and general framework adopted by the Jordanian criminal legislator in its procedural handling of defendants who lack criminal responsibility and to assess the legislator's ability to formulate procedural legal provisions that ensure proper treatment of such individuals. This approach must align, on the one hand, with the underlying purpose of the principle of criminal responsibility and, on the other hand, with the demands of justice pursued by criminal legislation. To achieve the intended objective, the study adopted descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodologies. It examined the legal provisions governing this issue in Jordanian criminal legislation and compared them with the corresponding provisions in Algerian criminal legislation. The study ultimately reached several conclusions, the most significant of which is that, although the Jordanian criminal legislator included a specific procedural provision in Article 233 of the Code of Criminal Procedure addressing the issue of insanity, it failed to grant the public prosecutor or attorney general the authority to halt the prosecution of a defendant suffering from such a condition. This shortcoming may be considered a legislative deficiency in this respect. Moreover, the legislator, in drafting paragraph five of the same article, demonstrated inconsistency with its other paragraphs by requiring the attendance of an insane defendant at trial sessions rather than placing them in a psychiatric hospital. The researcher presented several recommendations to the criminal legislator, including the addition of a specific paragraph within Article 233 of the Code of Criminal Procedure that would enable the public prosecutor or attorney general—once the case falls within their jurisdiction—to issue a decision preventing the prosecution of a defendant if medical assessment confirms the presence of a psychological or mental illness. The study also recommends including a…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Criminal responsibility,
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal proceedings,
  topic: keywords
subject: Impact irresponsibility.
  topic: keywords
creator: Omar Abd Almohdi Mohammad Alomari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-11-24
publication date: 2025-11-24
starting page: 77
ending page: 89
doi: 10.55284/zh5had84

When the Military Clashes with Civil Authority: A Critical Examination of The FCT Minister Versus a Naval Officer
type: item
description: This paper critically examines the altercation that occurred on 11th November 2025 between Nyesom Wike, Minister of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), and a naval officer of the Nigerian Navy, Lt. A.M. Yerima, in the Gaduwa District of Abuja. The incident involved a contested land plot and escalated into a verbal confrontation, highlighting tensions between civilian authority and the armed forces. Using a qualitative social research approach, the study draws on media reports, video evidence, legal texts, and scholarly literature to critically assess the actions of the minister, the senior officer who issued orders to the naval personnel, and the junior naval officer. Findings suggest that while the minister’s mandate was legitimate, his method and tone breached institutional decorum; the senior officer exhibited poor judgment in deploying military personnel to a civil land dispute; and the junior naval officer displayed commendable professional restraint by insisting on obeying lawful orders. The paper concludes with recommendations to strengthen civil‑military boundaries, land governance, and institutional protocols.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Civil military relations, Land governance, Lt. A.M Yerima, Ministerial conduct, Naval officer, Nyesom wike, Rule of law in Nigeria.
  topic: keywords
creator: Linus Oluchukwu Akudolu
creator: Chukwuemeka Peter Iloanya
creator: Francis C. Ofoegbu
creator: Celestine Edozie Anyaorah
creator: Edward Ajanwachukwu Okoro
creator: Solomon Eyesan
creator: Stephen Oshiomah Aigbonoga
creator: Charles Osa Emokpae
creator: Vitalis Chukwuemeka Ugwu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21
starting page: 71
ending page: 76
doi: 10.55284/xk8x0q57

Comparative Study of the Miniatures of “Khosrow and Shirin”, Where the both Present, Based on Khamseh, The Story by Nizami Ganjavi
type: item
description: Persian literature and Iranian painting are types of traditions that have developed alongside each other. The vivid descriptions that poets conveyed in their texts were often brought to life through paintings, leading to a rich tradition in Iranian artistic creation. The story of Khosrow and Shirin, written by Nizami Ganjavi, is renowned for its vibrant use of color. Nizami demonstrates a deep understanding of color psychology and symbolism, utilizing colors to inform the space and evoke emotional and mental states. This indicates his comprehensive knowledge across various artistic disciplines. However, it is important to note that the painter is not merely illustrating the text; instead, the artist creates the work based on their mental understanding and emotional state, which influences the final visual representation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Iranian illustration art,
  topic: keywords
subject: Iranian painting,
  topic: keywords
subject: Khosrow and Shirin,
  topic: keywords
subject: Nizami,
  topic: keywords
subject: Persian literature.
  topic: keywords
creator: Hoda Zabolinezhad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-11-17
publication date: 2025-11-17
starting page: 43
ending page: 70
doi: 10.55284/ewwhjj49

The Stain of Organ Trafficking in African States: A Critical Examination
type: item
description: . Organ trafficking, which is the illegal movement or transportation of human organs for sale and transplant to willing and highest bidding patients or buyers, is an international economic crime. Trafficking of human organs in the African States rages on and has become a significant source of concern not only for the African States, but the world at large. This has, by implication, stained the international image and projection of the African States. There have been attempts by several African States to curb this ugly trend by using the instrumentality of the law. Still, all that has yielded only little results owing to the technicality and discreteness with which those involved in this crime operate. It has been argued that the debate over the trafficking of human beings for organ removal (THBOR) remains largely absent from policy debates, as this crime is hardly detected, reported and sparsely researched. However, criminal networks exploit vulnerable populations, central migrants from and within the African States, for this heinous crime. Exploring the doctrinal research approach, this paper x-rays the stains of human organ trafficking in the African States; it found among others that trafficking of human organs is a booming and highly lucrative economic crime entrenched in Africa and perpetuated with so much secrecy. The paper recommends among others the need for sound legislative debate on how to curb the crime in Africa coupled with virile legal frameworks towards curtailing the crime.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Crime,
  topic: keywords
subject: Health,
  topic: keywords
subject: Human trafficking,
  topic: keywords
subject: Refugees,
  topic: keywords
subject: Organ trafficking,
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration,
  topic: keywords
subject: THBOR.
  topic: keywords
creator: Agada, Joseph N
creator: Lovette Osavie Patrick
creator: Adekunbi Imosemi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-11-07
publication date: 2025-11-07
starting page: 33
ending page: 42
doi: 10.55284/m60sfm89

The Double Burden: How Child Labor Affects Learning Achievement in Nepalese Schools
type: item
description: The Constitution of Nepal promises free education, but many children work to pay for their schooling, especially in urban areas. The present study investigates the learning achievement of working and non-working children studying in community secondary schools of Lalitpur, Kathmandu Metropolitan City as a function of parental support, academic-related habits and work involvement. A total of 296 grade nine students were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics from a quantitative approach to the data. The study revealed that there were significant differences in the learning achievement between working and non-working children and work hour and parental support were identified as critical determinants. The results highlight the importance of targeted policies to support working children and promote educational equity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Learning achievement,
  topic: keywords
subject: Parental support,
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational equity,
  topic: keywords
subject: Nepal,
  topic: keywords
subject: Working children.
  topic: keywords
creator: Sarina Maharjan
creator: Archana Khanal
creator: Susmita Gautam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-11-07
publication date: 2025-11-07
starting page: 25
ending page: 32
doi: 10.55284/j349bk28

Criminal Policy on Business Offences: When Legal Excuses Are Instrumentalised to Safeguard the Economy
type: item
description: This study seeks to highlight the modern orientation of criminal policy in the field of business offences, by analysing the phenomenon of instrumentalising legal excuses as an exceptional mechanism for addressing these complex crimes. The Algerian legislator, in line with many comparative legal systems, has established both substantive and procedural legal excuses, the latter often justified by economic considerations such as encouraging investment and protecting the business environment. Through this research, we sought to shed light on these excuses while analysing the extent to which they align with the requirements of legal certainty and balance economic protection with criminal justice, in light of practical legal models and comparative approaches.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Business offences,
  topic: keywords
subject: Criminal protection,
  topic: keywords
subject: Economy,
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal certainty,
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal excuses.
  topic: keywords
creator: REBAIA Radouane
creator: MAZOUZI Faris
creator: SLIMANE Walid
creator: ABBASSI Siham
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 11
doi: 10.55284/mmkcjy32

The Algerian Investment Promotion Agency as a Legal Guarantee for Investors in Algeria
type: item
description: This research paper aims to clarify and clarify the legal framework of the Algerian Agency for Investment Promotion as the only legal body authorized to grant industrial or economic real estate directed to investment in accordance with the organs established by the legislator at the national and local levels, which is a new chapter in the liberalization of investment from the corridors of the administration and its bureaucracy that led to the flight of investors and their reluctance to invest in Algeria, or hindered the existing investments that their owners initiated to embody their investments on the ground, through extrapolation and analysis of texts and the provisions of Law 22/18 and law 23/17.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agency,
  topic: keywords
subject: Investment,
  topic: keywords
subject: Law,
  topic: keywords
subject: Promotion,
  topic: keywords
subject: Real Estate.
  topic: keywords
creator: HAIRECH Noureddine
creator: DERBALE Mohammed
creator: MESSAOUDI Karim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 102
ending page: 110
doi: 10.55284/4rd4z648

Myths or Realities; Patriarchy, Gender Structure and Gender Relations in Swasthani Vrata Katha and Today's Hindu Society of Kathmandu
type: item
description: Some interpretations of Hindu scriptures and texts have been used to explicate how patriarchal views and practices function in the society as well as academia, such as the devaluation of women and the justification of male dominance. This article critically analyzes both mythological representations and lived realities of patriarchy, gender roles, and power structures as portrayed in the text Swasthani vrata katha and manifested in contemporary Hindu society in Kathmandu, Nepal. The findings of the paper are; although hyper- patriarchy exists in the present-day Hindu society with dichotomy and dialect in nature, people criticize, disagree and deny the concepts that are embedded in the Swasthani vrata katha but still, the respondents or participant devotees follow the vrata. The traditional roles of sãsu (mother-in-law) and buhãri (daughter-in-law) under patriarchy are gradually dissolved in the capitalistic frame of society. In the past, sãsu used to be a powerful agent of patriarchy and that of the patriarchal head (father-in-law) who controlled the economy of the family, mobility and sexuality. However, the scenario has altered at present and buhãri has turned dominant since her husband earns the remittance, which is transferred to her bank account and she decides where to spend, and what to purchase. Due to such economic independence, buhari plays decisive roles in the household chores and the public domain as well. This shift underscores the growing influence of economic agency in reshaping gender relations within Hindu families in urban Nepal.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gender relations,
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender roles,
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender structure etc,
  topic: keywords
subject: Myths,
  topic: keywords
subject: Realities,
  topic: keywords
subject: Swasthani vrata katha.
  topic: keywords
creator: Chhabi Ram Baral
creator: Dhundi Raj Niroula
creator: Bimal Kumar Khadka
creator: Madhu Giri
creator: Dipesh Kumar Ghimire
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-11-01
publication date: 2025-11-01
starting page: 12
ending page: 24
doi: 10.55284/8nxbcf04

Assessment of Factors Contributing to Environmental Pollution in the Context of Public Health Using the Example of the Republic of Armenia
type: item
description: Frequent changes in environmental pollution factors have a negative impact on human health and, as a result, dramatically change the quality of his life, perhaps it is precisely this circumstance that determines the relevance of the topic. The purpose of the article is to assess the connection between the factors contributing to environmental pollution and human health. It is obvious that in a given country, the healthier people are, the more effectively the mechanisms of state environmental management function, as a result of which the life expectancy of the population increases especially. The genetic, environmental, and healthcare factors affecting human health can be presented from two perspectives. These factors have the opposite effect, and it is in this context that the article distinguishes 8 factors of environmental pollution and 7 factors threatening human health, and proposes 7 hypotheses (The statistics were selected between 2000 and 2022). To reveal the interconnection between these factors, empirical, statistical, and mathematical tools and methods have been applied. The results of the evaluation of the hypotheses have shown that the selected environmental pollution-promoting factors have an impact on the deterioration or improvement of human health. The article also evaluates the risk of human life loss in the context of the environment. Accordingly, the healthcare sector reforms in Armenia are divided into 3 phases (2000-2007 up to emergence of financial crisis, 2008-2019 overcoming of financial crisis and nowadays reforms, 2020-2022) and for each phase, the standard mortality rate in Armenia, as well as the risk of human health deterioration and life loss, have been calculated. The results show that there has been an increase in both indicators, and their growth points to the deterioration of human health. Therefore, the current indicators characterizing the state of the healthcare sector in Armenia are concerning, while the upcoming trends are alar…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Death rate,
  topic: keywords
subject: Empirical,
  topic: keywords
subject: Environment,
  topic: keywords
subject: Factors,
  topic: keywords
subject: Health,
  topic: keywords
subject: Regression,
  topic: keywords
subject: Risk.
  topic: keywords
creator: Kristine Baghdasaryan
creator: Arpine Kyuregyan
creator: Zarik Yesayan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-27
publication date: 2025-10-27
starting page: 95
ending page: 101
doi: 10.55284/g8jrn550

The Causal Factors of Strategic Management and Operational Performance: An Empirical Study on the Industrial Machinery and Equipment Sales and Rental Business
type: item
description: The objective of this research is to investigate the causal factors of strategic management and operational performance development that impact the Industrial Machinery and Equipment Sales and Rental Business. The study focuses on analyzing the role of human resources, internal quality systems, and logistics management and their linkage to creating a competitive advantage and enhancing the organizational capability of firms. This research utilizes Systems Theory and Strategic Management as its analytical framework. Data was collected from entrepreneurs and employees in the industrial machinery sales and rental business through both a quantitative questionnaire survey and qualitative in-depth interviews. The research findings indicate that effective human resource management, a standardized internal quality system, and appropriate logistics management have a positive influence on the organization's operational performance and strategic management, ultimately leading to an elevated competitive potential in the heavy industry to evolve the strategic plan by integrating the management of human resources, internal systems, and machinery/equipment for the purpose of building sustainable growth and long-term competitive advantage.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Causal factors,
  topic: keywords
subject: Logistics management,
  topic: keywords
subject: Machinery sales and rental business (or equipment sales and rental business),
  topic: keywords
subject: Operational performance (or operational efficiency),
  topic: keywords
subject: Strategic management.
  topic: keywords
creator: Phatchaya Mangmesub
creator: Vichit U-on
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-27
publication date: 2025-10-27
starting page: 84
ending page: 94
doi: 10.55284/0ym5m430

Strengthening the Legal Framework of Subak-Based Ecotourism in Bali: Between Cultural Policy and Legal Pluralism
type: item
description: This study examines the dynamics of legal pluralism in the governance of community-based ecotourism in Bali, with a particular focus on the Subak system as a cultural landscape recognized by UNESCO. While Subak is legally acknowledged through the Bali Provincial Regulation No. 9/2012 and reinforced by Law No. 6/2014 on Villages, its legitimacy also derives from awig-awig (customary rules), reflecting the coexistence of state law and living law. Using a socio-legal and comparative approach, this research explores two Subak communities Subak Sembung (Denpasar) and Subak Umalambing (Badung) to analyze how customary law interacts with formal regulations in responding to land conversion pressures and tourism commercialization. The findings reveal that awig-awig remains more effective than formal law in controlling land conversion, yet its effectiveness depends on the strength of sanctions and community compliance. The study highlights the need for legal hybridization, whereby state law provides formal legitimacy and certainty, while customary law offers substantive values rooted in Tri Hita Karana philosophy. This research contributes to the discourse on legal pluralism by proposing the concept of “law with cultural meaning”, which integrates indigenous norms into tourism governance. Practically, it recommends the formulation of a special regional regulation on Subak-based ecotourism to safeguard agrarian, ecological, and spiritual sustainability in Bali.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Deepfake technology,
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital content misuse,
  topic: keywords
subject: Identity fraud,
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal implications,
  topic: keywords
subject: Privacy,
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulatory frameworks,
  topic: keywords
subject: Social media.
  topic: keywords
creator: I Wayan Wesna Astara
creator: I Ketut Kasta Arya Wijaya
creator: Putu Ayu Sriasih Wesna
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-27
publication date: 2025-10-27
starting page: 78
ending page: 83
doi: 10.55284/zw0r9751

Administrative Liability for Harm Arising from Intelligent Automated Administrative Decisions
type: item
description: Administrative work is witnessing a radical transformation due to reliance on artificial intelligence techniques in decision making, which has given rise to a new category of decision-making: automated administrative decisions issued without direct human intervention. Despite the efficiency and speed, they provide, these decisions pose profound legal questions about their legitimacy, the guarantees that accompany them, and the scope of administrative liability for any resulting harm. This article examines the nature of this liability, its limits, and its existence in the absence of clear legal regulation in many legal systems. It also exposes a legal vision aimed at protecting individuals and reconciling technological progress with the principles of legitimacy and accountability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Administrative liability,
  topic: keywords
subject: Algorithmic decision-Making,
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial intelligence,
  topic: keywords
subject: Intelligent automated administrative decisions,
  topic: keywords
subject: Service fault.
  topic: keywords
creator: KHADER Somia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-25
publication date: 2025-10-25
starting page: 71
ending page: 77
doi: 10.55284/w421rk10

The Socio-Economic Dimension of the Development Concept: Towards a New Conception in the Face of Contemporary Challenges
type: item
description: This article analyzes the theoretical renewal of the development concept following the failure of the economic models of the 1960s and 1970s. Drawing on the conceptual frameworks of Gilbert Rist (2007) regarding the deconstruction of development paradigms and Amartya Sen (1999) concerning human capabilities, we demonstrate how the integration of environmental sustainability and humanism addresses contemporary challenges. Our approach combines the historical analysis of economic crises with the study of the emergence of a new North American economic sociology (Granovetter, 1985; Zelizer, 2011), which reintegrates social variables into development models. The results indicate that this conceptual renewal makes it possible to move beyond purely quantitative approaches to growth, proposing instead a multidimensional framework anchored in human well-being and ecological resilience.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Capabilities,
  topic: keywords
subject: Development,
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic crisis,
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic sociology,
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainability.
  topic: keywords
creator: Djamila Mohammedi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-25
publication date: 2025-10-25
starting page: 64
ending page: 70
doi: 10.55284/t4bhjz81

Analysis of the Ecological State of the Agstev and Getik Rivers using Background Concentrations
type: item
description: According to the article, the Water Framework Directive, developed by the European Union, has been instrumental in shifting the assessment of river water quality in Armenia from a focus on maximum permissible concentrations of chemical water quality indicators to a more holistic approach that incorporates natural background concentrations. This transition, which has been in effect since 2011, underscores in the approach to water quality management, emphasizing the importance of ecological integrity and the utilization of natural reference points for evaluating water quality. It has been posited that the inherent limitation of maximum permissible concentrations is their inability to account for the distinct characteristics of specific geographical areas. This limitation persists despite the implementation of uniform criteria for assessing rivers within disparate physical and geographical zones. The Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Armenia "On the Establishment of Water Quality Standards for Each Basin Management Authority" delineates five distinct classes. Each class is designated by a color: "excellent" (1st class — blue), "good" (2nd class — green), "average" (3rd class — yellow), "unsatisfactory" (4th class — brown), and "poor" (5th class — red). The overall evaluation of water chemical quality is predicated on the class with the least favorable quality indicator. The water quality classes of the Agstev and Getik rivers for the period 2013-2024 are examined through the analysis of background concentrations. The investigation revealed that, subsequent to 2021, the water quality of the Agstev and Getik rivers exhibited a decline at all monitoring points located beyond the urban centers of Dilijan, Ijevan, and Chambarak. This decline was attributed to the impact of untreated or inadequately treated domestic wastewater from these cities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agstev,
  topic: keywords
subject: Armenia,
  topic: keywords
subject: Background concentration,
  topic: keywords
subject: Getik,
  topic: keywords
subject: River,
  topic: keywords
subject: Water quality.
  topic: keywords
creator: Simonyan G.S.
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-16
publication date: 2025-10-16
starting page: 60
ending page: 23
doi: 10.55284/355y3z02

Gender Equality in Islamic Education: A Comparative Analysis of Al-Maraghi’s Exegesis and Its Implications
type: item
description: This study examines Ahmad Mustafa al-Maraghi’s Qur’anic exegesis on gender equality and explores its implications for Islamic education in Indonesia. Using qualitative library research with hermeneutic and content analysis, the paper analyzes relevant verses and interpretive themes to map al-Maraghi’s position on women’s spiritual, social, and intellectual status. Findings show that al-Maraghi grounds equality in core Islamic principles of justice and humanity, reading verses such as Q.4:1, Q.9:71, and Q.30:21 as affirmations of equal rights and shared responsibilities of men and women in family, education, and public life. He recognizes women’s rights to seek knowledge, work, and participate in society, and views education as a primary arena for realizing these rights. However, translation of these ideals into practice is constrained by persistent patriarchal norms, curricular bias, limited institutional policies, and insufficient gender-awareness training for educators. The paper proposes gender-responsive curriculum reform, educator capacity building, and policy strengthening to widen women’s participation and leadership. The study contributes a theological and practical framework for inclusive Islamic education aligned with Sustainable Development Goals and contemporary Indonesian contexts. Recommendations prioritize equity, access, accountability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Al-Maraghi exegesis,
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender equality,
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic education,
  topic: keywords
subject: Women.
  topic: keywords
creator: Rahmawati Rahmawati
creator: Syamsudduha Saleh
creator: M Ilham Muchtar
creator: Taufik Temarwut
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-13
publication date: 2025-10-13
starting page: 54
ending page: 59
doi: 10.55284/486vkx31

Problems and Challenges of Urbanization at Banepa Municipality of Nepal
type: item
description: The process of urbanisation has significantly increased when rural-urban migration, economic gains, and improved connectivity after the implementation of neo-liberal economic policies in 1990 in Nepal. The paper examines the changing economic policies induced urbanization and socioeconomic transformation of Banepa Municipality, one of the developing urban centers in Kavrepalanchok District. The study, based on demographic survey and policies induced socio-economic evidence, makes some important observations: Banepa is a young and ethnically diversified society with a moderate level of education, most of the workforce is uneducated/semi-educated, and it is highly dependent on agriculture and foreign labour. Along with migration and remittance-based expansion, the municipality experiences severe problems, such as pollution, housing affordability, traffic congestion, and poor public services, which become more serious with the uncontrolled urban development and poor governance. The study cites economic opportunities and higher standards of living as some of the major causes of urbanization, with proposed solutions laying more emphasis on enhanced urban planning, skill development, infrastructure investments, and environmental management. The levels of public awareness about the existence of urban development projects are limited to the local levels, and this is why the participation of various stakeholders is necessary. The study of urbanization of Banepa and its specific situation can be helpful in the context of a wider discourse on neo-liberal policies, sustainable urban governance, promoting healthy practices through inclusive, resilient, and strategically carried out development to prevent the mistakes of larger metropolises from being repeated.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Governance,
  topic: keywords
subject: Infrastructure,
  topic: keywords
subject: Neo-liberal policy,
  topic: keywords
subject: Rural-urban migration,
  topic: keywords
subject: Urbanization.
  topic: keywords
creator: Chhabi Ram Baral
creator: Bimal Kumar Khadka
creator: Madhu Giri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-08
publication date: 2025-10-08
starting page: 44
ending page: 53
doi: 10.55284/7hm6r936

A Critical Analysis of the Place of Energy Transitioning in Achieving Increased Access to Sustainable Energy in Nigeria
type: item
description: The place of energy in attaining socioeconomic growth and sustainable development remains undisputed. As hinted, its essentiality begins from job creation to economic development, and security concerns. Energy lies at the heart of country’s core interests to drive rapid industrialisation and improve citizen’s living standards among others. The extent of access to reliable electricity could either hinder or advance these interests. Inadequate access or unstable energy supply proves to be detrimental and counterproductive to any economy and nation. Amid global constraints towards achieving universal access to electricity; the paper interrogated global, regional as well as the government efforts in revitalising the failing energy system with positive outlook towards harnessing the renewable energy potentials of the country and integrating it into the Nigerian energy mix. The paper adopted the doctrinal research method of critically examining the primary and secondary sources. The paper found among others that there is a nexus between energy access and poverty confronting Nigeria. The paper argued that climate change and global warming significantly influenced modern energy choices, how it ought to be generated and deployed for electricity. Impliedly the overall goal, involve taking climate challenges into perspective whilst catering for the energy needs of people. The paper condemned protectionist ideas of advanced economies and suggested free market to drive the energy needs and access of nations. Doing so would require countries to embark on a transition scheme that is climate friendly and balances all three concerns of energy availability, accessibility and sustainability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Climate change and global warming,
  topic: keywords
subject: Electricity,
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy accessibility,
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainability,
  topic: keywords
subject: Environment.
  topic: keywords
creator: Oyagiri, Buduka Isaac
creator: Joseph N. Agada
creator: Nnana-Kalu Echeme Robert
creator: Ndigwe Ifeanyi Emmanuel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-08
publication date: 2025-10-08
starting page: 32
ending page: 43
doi: 10.55284/wtt4g667

Community-Based Business Transformation in Rural Destination: Strategic Planning for Sustainable Tourism
type: item
description: Community-Based Tourism (CBT) is increasingly recognized as an effective strategy for sustainable rural tourism development. However, business planning in rural destinations often lacks local engagement, integration of digital innovation, and robust evaluation frameworks. This study presents the development and implementation of a participatory, digitally integrated business plan for Wae Lolos Village, West Manggarai. Using a mixed-methods approach field observation, semi structured interviews with key local actors, and participatory workshops this research maps local potentials, develops strategic business units, and formulates risk mitigation measures contextualized to the village’s social, economic, and environmental dynamics. Integration of digitalization manifests through an ongoing village website initiative, combining online marketing, digital reservations, safety information, and MSME e-marketplace within a single platform. The business plan operationalizes key frameworks such as the Business Model Canvas, PESTEL analysis, SMART indicators, and Logical Framework Analysis, ensuring the plan is both strategic and measurable. Results show: (1) enhanced digital marketing and community engagement, (2) diversified local income streams via the activation of eight business units, and (3) improved risk governance for sustainable economic resilience. This model offers practical and replicable lessons for rural destinations seeking to balance community empowerment, digital transformation, and sustainable business management.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Community-based tourism,
  topic: keywords
subject: Business model,
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainability.
  topic: keywords
creator: Gregorius Antariksa Berybe
creator: Dewi Sartika Umul
creator: Roseven Rudiyanto
creator: Yohana Etheldreda Ine Dae
creator: Septian Hutagalung
creator: Wilhelmus Sabatani Jangku
creator: Laurensius Sandrio
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-08
publication date: 2025-10-08
starting page: 20
ending page: 31
doi: 10.55284/6xv9vh73

A Conceptual Model of Human Resource Management and Its Impact on Organizational Performance in Thailand’s Elderly Care Sector
type: item
description: This study aims to develop a model of human resource management approaches that affect the performance of elderly care businesses in Thailand. It focuses on explaining the relationships among organizational culture, corporate social responsibility, and business strategy with human resource management, and the resulting impact on organizational performance. The research draws on the conceptual frameworks of General Systems Theory and Strategic Human Resource Theory, alongside a comprehensive literature review to identify key components and causal linkages. The findings reveal that human resource management functions as a critical mediating variable, connecting organizational and social factors to positively influence performance across multiple dimensions, including financial performance, internal process efficiency, customer satisfaction, innovation, and organizational reputation. This conceptual framework can be applied to enhance management standards for elderly care businesses in Thailand, aligning with the transition toward an aging society and supporting policy development for long-term sustainability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Corporate social Responsibility,
  topic: keywords
subject: Elderly care business,
  topic: keywords
subject: Human resource Management,
  topic: keywords
subject: Organizational culture,
  topic: keywords
subject: Organizational performance.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mantakorn Boonyosak
creator: Nilubon Sivabrovornvatana
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-08
publication date: 2025-10-08
starting page: 9
ending page: 19
doi: 10.55284/xs9vnq57

More Than Screen Time: The Mediating Role of Distraction in the Relationship between Smartphone Use and Family Communication
type: item
description: The pervasive integration of smartphones into daily life has raised growing concerns about their impact on interpersonal relationships, particularly within the family context. While prior research has predominantly focused on screen time duration as a predictor of relational strain, this study examines the underlying cognitive mechanism of distraction as a mediating factor in the association between smartphone use and family communication quality. Utilizing a quantitative, mixed-method, two-wave longitudinal design, the present study recruited 300 family dyads including adolescent–parent and spousal pairs stratified across socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and family structures to ensure representativeness. Smartphone usage was operationalized through objective screen time logs, app-based tracking (via RescueTime), and self-reported frequency-based items adapted from the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS). Distraction was assessed using the Smartphone Distraction Scale (SDS), ecological momentary assessments (EMA) administered three times daily, and behavioral coding of family interactions for a subsample (n = 50). Family communication quality was measured using the Family Communication Scale (FCS), supplemented by observational assessments via the Rapid Interaction Coding System (RICS) during structured discussions. Mediation analysis, conducted using Hayes’ PROCESS Model 4, revealed that distraction significantly mediated the relationship between smartphone use and family communication quality (indirect effect: p < .01). Specifically, higher levels of smartphone engagement were associated with increased cognitive and behavioral distraction, which in turn predicted lower levels of warmth, openness, and effective problem-solving within family interactions. These findings suggest that the disruptive influence of smartphones is not solely a function of time spent on devices, but rather the attentional fragmentation they induce during critical interpersonal exchange…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Intra-family relationships,
  topic: keywords
subject: Social media use,
  topic: keywords
subject: Communication quality,
  topic: keywords
subject: Technology and family dynamics,
  topic: keywords
subject: Behavioral impact of screen time,
  topic: keywords
subject: Cross-sectional survey
  topic: keywords
subject: Smartphone overuse,
  topic: keywords
subject: Family communication,
  topic: keywords
subject: Face-to-face interaction,
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital distraction.
  topic: keywords
creator: Kawther Rbhei Mouhmod Abd Alrazeq
creator: Mai Mohammad Asad Zakaria
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-08
publication date: 2025-10-08
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.55284/y0qqmm82

The Structural Influence of Personal Branding on Perceived Employability in the Beauty Pageant Industry in Thailand for Long-Term Sustainability
type: item
description: This academic article aims to present knowledge from a literature review on self-expression, social interaction, personal values, personal branding, and perceived employability in Thailand's beauty industry for sustainable careers. The article focuses on explaining the meanings, origins, components, and relationships of variables related to these issues. The literature review reveals that these factors directly impact job opportunities and career sustainability in the Thai beauty industry in the digital age, which is a key approach to developing potential and ensuring the future sustainability of this industry.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Personal branding,
  topic: keywords
subject: Perceived employability,
  topic: keywords
subject: Beauty industry,
  topic: keywords
subject: Self-expression,
  topic: keywords
subject: Social interaction,
  topic: keywords
subject: Personal values.
  topic: keywords
creator: Phakamat Phumkerd
creator: Vichit U-on
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-03
publication date: 2025-10-03
starting page: 402
ending page: 410
doi: 10.55284/s5yv3p57

Accelerating the Realization of Well-Being in Papua Indonesia
type: item
description: This paper attempts to answer the following question: What to be done to accelerate the creation of well-being in Papua, Indonesia. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative research methods to provide a comprehensive analysis of well-being in Papua. Key areas of investigation include human development indicators, poverty rates, education levels, healthcare access, and market for the indigenous people produces. Through case studies and comparative analysis, the paper highlights the challenges and opportunities in improving governance efficiency, service delivery, and overall well-being for the indigenous population in Papua.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital learning platform,
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational technology,
  topic: keywords
subject: Human development indicators,
  topic: keywords
subject: Secondary education,
  topic: keywords
subject: Student performance,
  topic: keywords
subject: Well being.
  topic: keywords
creator: Agus I. Sumule
creator: Amestina Matualage
creator: Yunita Palinggi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-03
publication date: 2025-10-03
starting page: 395
ending page: 401
doi: 10.55284/krayrb10

Application of Python-Based Topsis Method for Financial Performance Assessment of Idx Companies
type: item
description: This study applies the Python-based TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method to assess the financial performance of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period. In the context of an ever-growing and digitalized economy, objective assessment of financial performance is very important for strategic decision making. This study uses financial ratio data such as Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Current Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), and Net Profit Margin (NPM) which are grouped into three main categories: liquidity, solvency, and profitability. Each ratio is given a criterion direction (benefit/cost) and weight based on its level of importance. The analysis process includes data pre-processing, normalization, weighting, determining positive and negative ideal solutions, calculating distances, and calculating preference values or Closeness Coefficients (CC). The results of the study show that LPPS companies have the best financial performance (CC: 0.699214), while TIRT is ranked lowest (CC: 0.476411). This study proves that the Python-based TOPSIS method is able to provide systematic, efficient, and reliable financial performance evaluations, and can be a valuable tool for investors, analysts, and management in decision making.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Finansial,
  topic: keywords
subject: Perfomance assessment,
  topic: keywords
subject: Python,
  topic: keywords
subject: Topsis.
  topic: keywords
creator: Herti Diana Hutapea
creator: Erlina Erlina
creator: Iskandar Muda
creator: Dio Agung Herubaw
creator: Windi Astuti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-02
publication date: 2025-10-02
starting page: 388
ending page: 394
doi: 10.55284/5g66k181

Criminalization and Victimization in the Migrant Population
type: item
description: This systematic review aimed to analyze the criminalization and victimization of immigrants in socially significant crimes and to examine the methodologies used in these studies. A total of 25 articles were selected from 100 initially identified through searches in Scopus and Web of Science, covering publications from 1993 to 2025. The methodological approaches included both primary and secondary analyses, using quantitative and qualitative designs. The findings reveal that the criminalization of immigrants—especially those with irregular status—leads to social stigmatization and restricts access to justice, increasing their vulnerability to victimization. Fear of deportation and lack of trust in law enforcement discourage crime reporting among immigrant communities. The review concludes that immigration does not lead to higher crime rates. However, securitization discourse and exclusionary policies perpetuate negative stereotypes, reinforcing immigrants’ marginalization. It is recommended that future research expand beyond the U.S. context and include Latin American countries, where empirical studies remain scarce. Practically, this review highlights the urgent need to reform policies that criminalize migration, in order to protect fundamental rights and promote social inclusion.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Criminalization,
  topic: keywords
subject: Immigrants,
  topic: keywords
subject: Stigmatization,
  topic: keywords
subject: Victimization.
  topic: keywords
creator: Hernán Yonathan Barragán-Huamán
creator: Gerardo Zegarra-Florez
creator: Jose Alejandro Suarez-Zanabria
creator: Víctor Alfonso Rivera-Flores
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-02
publication date: 2025-10-02
starting page: 382
ending page: 387
doi: 10.55284/k87qmk78

Behavioural Patterns in Rape as a Sexual Assault
type: item
description: This article aims to understand rape as a complex criminal behaviour with multiple patterns and varying motivations by taking a classification-based approach. This moves beyond the stereotypical image that reduces rape to merely a sexual crime. It presents the Massachusetts Treatment Center (MTC: R3) classification of rapists, which categorises them into types such as opportunistic, anger-retaliatory, sexually sadistic, non-sadistic and vindictive. Additionally, it discusses a range of explanatory variables related to understanding and analysing rape behaviour, including aggression, impulsivity, social competence, sexual fantasies, sadism, beliefs and naïve perceptions. This article aids the analysis of individual differences among rapists and contributes to preventive, therapeutic and security approaches within social and cultural contexts and specificities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Classification patterns,
  topic: keywords
subject: Rape,
  topic: keywords
subject: Sexual assault.
  topic: keywords
creator: Rabiaa Lachtar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-02
publication date: 2025-10-02
starting page: 377
ending page: 381
doi: 10.55284/ymfewz44

The Legal System of Intellectual Property in the Digital Age
type: item
description: Legal protection of intellectual property is essential for safeguarding the rights of innovators and creators across various fields, including literature, arts, media, inventions, and science. This protection aims to foster innovation and creativity by granting specific legal rights to the owners of intellectual works. These rights typically include the exclusive use of the work and the authority to prevent others from copying or utilizing the work without permission. The mechanisms for protection differ from country to country, depending on the type of intellectual property involved, such as copyright and patents. Patents are an exclusive right granted for an invention, allowing the patent holder to control how or whether others may use the invention. In return for this right, the patent owner makes technical information about the invention publicly available through a published patent document. Trademarks serve as identifiers that distinguish a company's goods or services from those of competitors. Copyrights cover a broad range of media, including publishing, books, music, paintings, sculptures, films, computer software, databases, advertisements, maps, and technical drawings. Internationally, these laws are regulated through agreements such as the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), alongside national laws enacted by individual countries. Protecting intellectual property rights is vital for the economic and commercial interests of business owners, as it encourages investment in research and development. Moreover, these rights promote fair competition and help to limit infringements and piracy. Infringements of intellectual property rights can take many forms, including illegal exploitation via the internet. Recognizing the importance of intellectual property as a key driver of societal development, most countries have enacted legislation and implemented measures to safeguard these rights from infringement and loss. Recentl…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital age,
  topic: keywords
subject: Intellectual property,
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal system.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmad Hisham Alomari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 369
ending page: 376
doi: 10.55284/1bezt419